Groups
Groups
-
An Aggregation is any no. of people in close proximity
-
A Category is any no of people who have some particular attributes
in common.
-
A GROUP consists of people who have a lot of interaction
with each other or a sense of relatedness as a result of it.
Classification of Group
·
Content & Function: age, sex, political, religions,
residential occupational, educational.
The subtypes are students, factory workers, church
membersetc.
·
Degree of Personal Involvement (Two types)
Primary
Groups where interpersonal relationships take place face to face with great frequency.
Secondary
Groups: where relationships ave among menbers is relatively impersonal and
formalised eg. political parties, union
·
Degree of Organisation (two types)
Formal groups with definite structure
Informal
groups which are generally primary.
*REFERENCE GROUP
Reference
groups are those an individual uses in determining his judgements, beliefs and
behaviour.
-Types of Reference Groups
A)
Membership /Non membership
- Membership groups are those to which the individual
belongs.
-Non member ship group to which a person aspires to belong
to.
B) Positive/Negative whether they
attract or repel the individual.
C) Primary & Secondary
Group Properties
Status refers to
the achieved or ascribed position of an individual in a group or society
(status in the prestige sense is only one way of understanding ) Status may be
on the basis of age, sex family, occupation, interest etc.
Norms are the rules and standards of conduct by which group members are expected to abide. They may be unwritten but do exist.
Role is the the behaviour pattern asociated with a particular status. ROLE is the dynamic aspect of status and includes the atitudes, values & behaviour ascribed to the person occupying the status .
Socialization refers to the process by which a new member learns the system of values, norms & expected behaviour patterns of the group being entered.
Power Groups have power to influence their members behavior. They may be reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, expert power and referent power.
Reward
Power - reward may include tangibles like gifts on intangibles
like recognition, maise etc. Marketers can reward consumers by offering quality
juoduct or servard them by with group acceptance, love, etc. by using their
product.
Legitimale
Power. The power stems from members fiercefition that the group
has legitimate right to influence them eg. teachers, parents, religious
institutions.
Expert Power Consumers accept influence from those they perceive to have supever experiences, knowledge on skill.
Referent
Power. The individual will have a desire to become member or gain
a closer association with the group.
Reasons For Accepting
Reference- Group Influence
1 Information al
Benefits:
-actively search for information from opinion
leaders. Some group have certain expertise.
-come to some conclusion through observing the
behavior of other members..
2 Utilitarian Benefits:
An individual accepts influence from the group because he hopes to attain
certain specific rewards or avoid certain punishments controlled by the
groups.
3 Value Expressive
Benefits : It is characterized by two different
process
An individual may utilize reference groups to
express himself or bolster his judgement
An individual may simply like the group,
therefore accept its inference
Why do people join
groups?
The most popular reasons why people form and join groups are as
follows:
(i) Due to close proximity i. e., work near each other and
individual influence.
(ii) Due to frequent interaction with one another.
(iii) To provide safety and security.
(iv) To increase his self esteem by becoming a member of high
status group.
(v) To provide opportunities for recognition and praise which
they can only get through group.
(VI) To get regular company of other people who have simila
interests and hobbies.
(vii) To get an individual identity to achieve a feeling of
belongingness.
(viii) To get power as there is strength in numbers.
(ix) To make use of informal get together.
(x) To fulfil a wide range of functions which can be done in a group as:
(a) Working on a complex task
(b) Getting new ideas and creative solutions
(c) For liaison and coordinating work
(d) For implementing complex decisions
(e) For helping and training new employees.
Development of a
Group
The five stages of group development, according to Bruce Tuckman's model, are Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning.
1. Forming
What happens: The group comes together for the first time, and
members are uncertain about their roles and the group's purpose. They get to
know each other and focus on orientation and basic rules.
Key characteristics: Dependence on the leader for guidance and a cautious approach to avoid controversy.
2. Storming
What happens: Members begin to voice their opinions and
concerns, which can lead to power struggles and conflict over roles, goals, and
working styles.
Key characteristics: Interpersonal conflicts, frustration, and the emergence of subgroups or cliques.
3. Norming
What happens: The group resolves most of its conflicts and
establishes a sense of unity and cooperation. Members recognize each other's
abilities and become more productive.
Key characteristics: The team settles into a routine, and members are more at ease working together.
4. Performing
What happens: The group functions at its peak level of
productivity. They are confident, autonomous, and focused on achieving their
goals.
Key characteristics: High efficiency, clear roles, and constructive handling of any remaining issues related to the project.
5. Adjourning
What happens: The group disbands after its objectives have been
met. This phase is also sometimes called the "mourning" stage.
Key characteristics: The group wraps up activities, reflects on
its experiences, and provides a sense of closure for its members.
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